Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ____, the membrane potential has been reestablished. A) biogenic amine. B) negatively charged and contains less sodium. This reverse polarity constitutes the nerve impulse. D) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses, The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive d) axon, When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. 4.) In electrical transmission, the ionic current flows directly through channels that couple the cells. A) Subthreshold stimulusB) Temporal summationC) Spatial d) act as a transmitting agent, destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings, Which of the following is false or incorrect? True or False, Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until _____. Study now. The action potential will move down the axon toward the synapse like a wave would move along the surface of the water. 4.) )Area where nerve impulse is generated.2.) C) help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. c) ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels are crucial for the development of neural connections. d) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles, motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. Subthreshold Stimulus An insufficient stimulus Spatial Summation The process of transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the other, after reaching the axons synaptic terminal, is known as synapses. It is a change in the resting state of the neuron. The term central nervous system refers to the ________. Select the correct statement regarding synapses. Other neurotransmitters stimulate a net efflux of positive charge (usually in the form of K+ diffusing out of the cell), leaving the inside of the membrane more negative. Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? after-discharge circuitD) Converging circuit, Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying May be involved in complex, exacting types of mental processing. Temperature cause changes in the rate of diffusion of ions across the neuron membrane. Name any four of them.. What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? The action potential travels along the entire length of the axon. The action potential is a result of the movement of ions in and out of the cell. A gap between Schwann cells in the peripheral system is called a(n) ________. then require a negative potential to reset. Which result of the stimulus applied is the likely cause of the Once an action potential has been generated at the axon hillock, it is conducted along the length of the axon until it reaches the terminals, the fingerlike extensions of the neuron that are next to other neurons and muscle cells (see the section The nerve cell: The neuron). Select the correct answer for the following question: ________.A) astrocytes B) microglia C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes. Because the neurotransmitter chemicals are packed into separate, almost identically sized vesicles, their release into the synaptic cleft is said to be quantalthat is, they are expelled in parcels, each vesicle adding its contents incrementally to the contents released from other parcels. b) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract (In reference to the neuromuscular synapse, it is called the end-plate potential, or EPP.). What does this flow of ions do to the relative charge inside the neuron compared to the outside. The True or False, A synapse formed between the axon ending of one neuron and the cell body of another neuron is called an axosomatic synapse. c) voltage-gated channel During polarization, the membrane is in a resting potential state. As instantaneous as the opening of sodium channels at threshold potential is their closing at the peak of action potential. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? c. 1.21.21.2 liters This is called the absolute refractory period, and it is followed by a relative refractory period, during which another action potential can be generated, but only by a greater stimulus current than that originally needed. Outline how a signal is transmitted from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell at a chemical synapse. other types of channels and can fire multiple action potentials to a) sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes A nerve impulse is similar to a lightning strike. It is a static state and both the sodium and potassium channels are closed during this state maintaining a high concentration of sodium ions outside and high potassium ions concentration inside the cell. intervals exert a cumulative effect. Calcium causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane, releasing their contents into the narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. Therefore, repolarization helps in maintaining or restoring the original membrane potential state. The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic cell depends mainly on the type of receptors that it activates, making it possible for a particular neurotransmitter to have different effects on various target cells. the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong: absolute refractory period: . Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? Once the membrane potential is completely returned to its resting potential (when membrane potential is reestablished), the neurons become ready for second or next nerve stimulus. If somehow the synaptic gap doesnt allow the passage of nerve impulse, the transmission of nerve impulse will not occur and consequently required response too. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until when? If you consider the axon as an electrical wire or loop, nerve impulse that travels along the axon as current, and the charged particles ( sodium and potassium ions) as the electron particles then the process can be understood quite easily. a second nerve impulse cannot be generated until: Definition. The chemically gated channel, NMDA, allows ________ ions entry into the nerve cell. One incoming fiber triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. c) short distance hyperpolarization Which of the following is not a structural feature of a neuron? a) the synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another A) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur. This phenomenon has formed the basis for classifying mammalian nerve fibres into groups in order of decreasing diameter and decreasing conduction velocity. Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? F(A,B,C,D)=BD+BCD+ABC+ABCD+BDF(A, B, C, D)=B D^{\prime}+B^{\prime} C D+A B C+A B C^{\prime} D+B^{\prime} D^{\prime}F(A,B,C,D)=BD+BCD+ABC+ABCD+BD (b) Find the minimum sum of products. neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong. The reverse polarity of active neurons is measured at about +30 mV. Researchers call the nerve impulse an all-or-none reaction since there are no gradations between threshold potential and fully activated potential. As stated above, the action potential is propagated along the axon without any decrease in amplitude with distance. 1.) Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone? True or false: The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve No problem. The fastest conduction velocity occurs in the largest diameter nerve fibres. - Studocu Neurons and their thresholds, axons, dendrites, and Na+/K+ ATPases. a) nuclei This series of activations, by propagating the action potential along the fibre with virtually no reduction in amplitude, gives the nerve impulse its regenerative property. conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for True or False, The two major classes of graded potentials are transmitter potentials and receptor potentials. This reverse polarity constitutes the nerve impulse. , 4. directly from one neuron to another. d) tracts, Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? B) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. Since ions cannot cross the lipid content of the myelin sheath, they spread passively down the nerve fibre until reaching the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier. Why was the decision Roe v. Wade important for feminists? This transmission of the nerve impulse by synapses involves the interaction between the axon ending of one neuron (Presynaptic neuron) to the dendrite of another neuron (Postsynaptic neuron). The frequencies of the alleles A and a are 0.60.60.6 and 0.40.40.4, respectively, in a particular plant population. True or False, The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neural processes. a stimulus? The nodes of Ranvier 33) A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until _____. spinal cord? Join over 22,000 learners who have passed their exams thanks to us! True or False, Acetylcholine is not a biogenic amine. receptor detects a foreign stimuli. Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. if the ventral nerve root of a spinal is never destroyed a person would lose.. . ________ potentials are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized. Figure 11.4. The PSP is a type of local potential, having properties similar to the electrical potential set up at sensory receptor neurons (see the section Transmission in the neuron: Localized potential). Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic (See the figure.) a second nerve impulse cannot be generated until: the membrane potential has been re-established: in what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external enviroment? A) motor neurons ________ law is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. How does this difference in electrical charge come about? Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse An action potential occurs when the nerve cell is in an excited state while conducting nerve impulses. True or False, If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them. the Na+ ions have been pumped back into the cell. all sodium gates are closed. In chemical synapses, the conduction of nerve impulse occurs through chemical signals. B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion Between these myelinated sheaths, unmyelinated gaps are presently known as the nodes of Ranvier. A) the membrane potential has been reestablished. Which is by far the most common neuron type? Automatically remove your image background. A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. There is space between the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron which is known as synaptic cleft or synaptic gap. the membrane potential has been reestablished. True or False, In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. Neurophysiology Practice #2 - A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. This results in the alternation in the electro-negativity of the membrane because the stimulus causes the influx of sodium ions (electropositive ions) by 10 times more than in the resting state. repolarization occurs with the flow of K+ out of the cell. helping to determine capillary permeability, Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? Nerve impulse propagates by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. The resting membrane potential of the nerve cell is -70 mV. A It is called the action potential because the positive charge then flows through the cytoplasm, activating sodium channels along the entire length of the nerve fibre. Plasma Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? C) The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. Transmission of information in the nervous system, Active transport: the sodium-potassium pump, Evolution and development of the nervous system, Transmission in the neuron: Localized potential. (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong. Saltatory conduction increases the speed at which a nerve signal is conducted down the length of an axon. This process requires ATP because the movement of ions is against the concentration gradient of both ions. It is a condition during which the electrical balance is restored inside and outside the axon membrane. In contrast, the concentration of potassium ions is 25 times more inside the axon than outside. A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the Neurotransmitter inactivation is carried out by a combination of three processes. a single depolarization. In electrical synapses, two neurons are connected through channel proteins for transmitting a nerve impulse. D) Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction. This leaves 0.30 to 3.80 milliseconds for other processes. Saltatory is faster than continuous conduction and occurs in myelinated neurons. 3.) You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. c) ependymal cells cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves? If you're ready to pass your A-Level Biology exams, become a member now to get complete access to our entire library of revision materials. The ions may attach to the membranes of synaptic vesicles, in some way facilitating their fusion with the nerve terminal membrane. a) short distance depolarization The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. The synapse more common in embryonic nervous tissue than in adults is the ________. Nerve impulse propagates by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next. A stimulus would be you burning your finger or bumping your arm. Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye? When a neuron is not actively transmitting a nerve impulse, it is in a resting state, ready to transmit a nerve impulse. At the threshold, voltage-dependent sodium channels become fully activated, and Na+ pours into the cell. Following are some major factors that affect the speed of nerve impulse: Myelin sheath is present around the neuron and functions as an electrical insulator. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. True or False, Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes. What generally determines the effects of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic cell? Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. D) pumps three sodium ions outside the cell and two potassium ions inside. It refers to a graded potential state because a threshold stimulus of about -55mV causes a change in the membrane potential. diffusion of K+ out of the axon through gated ion channels. c) stimulate the production of acetylcholine If a membrane depolarization does not reach the threshold level, an action potential will not happen. Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in generation and conduction of action potentials? First, the neurotransmitter molecules simply diffuse out of the narrow synaptic cleft. What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? 5.) zoneD) Secretory regionE) Trigger zone. C) diphasic impulses the biceps muscle. a) afforestation neuron True or False, Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte. The sheath of Schwann is also called the ________. response observed in the left graph? As a result of this, the membrane becomes hyperpolarized and have a potential difference of -90 mV. The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong. These chemical signals are neurotransmitters. As the axon diameter increase, the speed of nerve impulses increases as well. Strong stimuli cause 38. membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). True or False, Chapter 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue (TB). The neurotransmitter molecules travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors, which are proteins that are embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. Because it varies in amplitude, the local potential is said to be graded. The place where an axon terminal meets another cell is called a synapse. c) action potential The generation of a second action in some neurons can only happen after a refractory period, when the membrane potential has returned it's base level or even more . When a stimulus is applied to resting membrane, sodium ions freely pass inside the cell and membrane is now said to be in depolarized phase. b) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh This area is called the synaptic cleft. The inside of the membrane becomes negative again. The neuron is either at rest with a polarized membrane, or it is conducting a nerve impulse at reverse polarization. The term central nervous system refers to the ________. the same ultimate effect. This process is called repolarization. A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) _____. Due to nerve impulse, the resting potential is changed to an action potential to conduct signals to the target in response to a stimulus. During the repolarization state, efflux of potassium ions through the potassium channel occurs. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until _____. Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. After transmitting from one neuron to another, the nerve impulse generates a particular response after reaching the target site. A series of EPPs, or a number of them stimulated simultaneously at many synapses, can then bring the cell to the threshold of the action potential. True or False, The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons. the membrane potential has been reestablished. c) a nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal, a nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal, A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. True or False, A positive feedback cycle is the main force in the generation of graded potentials at receptor ends. Tightly controlling membrane resting potential is critical for the transmission of nerve impulses. a) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings ii. During depolarization, as impulse is carried across the cell, sodium ions channels open and the sodium outside of the cell enters the cell. Na+ channels open: . An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called ________ processing. Particularly the ions included in this process are sodium and potassium ions. The sodium and potassium ATPase pump, driven by using ATP, helps to restore the resting membrane state for the conduction of a second nerve impulse in response to the other stimulus. A) Conducting regionB) Receptive regionC) Secretory the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. This is close to the Nernst potential for Na+that is, the membrane potential at which electrochemical equilibrium would be established if the membrane were completely permeable to Na+. impulse would move to the axon terminal only, C) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle Stimulation of a Axon Ending- Acts as a transmitter of signals. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . True or False, Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers. In myelinated neurons, ion flows occur only at the nodes of Ranvier. Sodium is the principal ion in the fluid outside of cells, and potassium is the principal ion in the fluid inside of cells. the inferior is ____ negatively charged and contains less sodium 30 They may also be removed from the terminal by exchange with extracellular Na+a mechanism known to occur at some neuronal membranes. When a stimulus is applied to resting membrane, sodium ions freely pass inside the cell and membrane is now said to be in depolarized phase. job of the oligodendrocyte. negatively charged and contains less sodium (Na+) ____ are always open. Vesicle membranes are then recovered from the plasma membrane through endocytosis. A) Voltage would be measured by placing one electrode inside the membrane and another outside the membrane. True or False, Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small-diameter fibers. d) efferent neuron, What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. c) neurolemma This amazing cloud-to-surface lightning occurred when a difference in electrical charge built up in a cloud relative to the ground. The greater the influx of positive chargeand, consequently, depolarization of the membranethe higher the grade. See answer (1) Copy. a. In myelinated neurons, myelinated sheaths are present. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. a) mechanically gated channel Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system will result in no response in a neuron. potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?A) What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? What type of chemicals are used in sanitation? When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell, it opens channels that allow calcium to enter the terminal. 4.) The nerve impulse travels at a speed of 100 m/s in saltatory conduction. Ion channel. Which of the following is not a special characteristic of neurons? Select the correct statement regarding synapses. Plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. are crucial for the development of neural connections. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until The membrane potential has been reestablished In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? This is essential for altering the resting membrane state to action membrane potential. a) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic This is called the depolarization of the membrane. In order a nerve impulse to be generated there needs to be a stimulus. B) stimulate the production of acetylcholine, C) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings. voltage-gated channel insufficient stimulus. In chemical transmission, a chemical substance called the neurotransmitter passes from one cell to the other, stimulating the second cell to generate its own action potential. A) the membrane potential has been reestablished B) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell C) proteins have been resynthesized D) all sodium gates are closed the membrane potential has been reestablished Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? association neuron. Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. Due to the high concentration of sodium ions inside the axoplasm, the potassium channels will open. A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until: proteins have been resynthesized. the membrane potential has been reestablished. The sodium-potassium pump is a mechanism of active transport that moves sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells. answer choices all sodium gates are closed proteins have been resynthesized the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell the membrane potential has been reestablished Question 2 30 seconds Q.
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