Any rock that contains more than one kind of mineral can be the protolith for gneiss, which is the name for a metamorphic rock that exhibits gneissic banding. Foliated - those having directional layered aspect of showing an alignment of particles like gneiss. The sudden change associated with shock metamorphism makes it very different from other types of metamorphism that can develop over hundreds of millions of years, starting and stopping as tectonic conditions change. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Metamorphic rocks are those that begin as some other kind of rock, whether it's igneous, sedimentary or another metamorphic rock. There is no evidence of foliation. Place the thick arrows in the direction of maximum stress and the thin arrows in the direction of minimum stress. mineral cleavage. Metaconglomerate & Metabreccia > Metaconglomerate and metabreccia are variably metamorphosed conglomerates and breccias that may or may not be foliated. If the original limestone was pure calcite, then the marble will likely be white (as in Figure 7.10), but if it had various impurities, such as clay, silica, or magnesium, the marble could be marbled in appearance. More technically, foliation is any penetrative planar fabric present in metamorphic rocks. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are typically formed in the absence of significant differential pressure or shear. Click on image to see enlarged photo. Where slate is typically planar, phyllite can form in wavy layers. Chapter 6. In this treatment, we'll describe metamorphic rock that does not show visible alignment of materials as massive. In sheared zones, however, planar fabric within a rock may . . Phyllite is a third type of foliated metamorphic rock. The Himalaya range is an example of where regional metamorphism is happening because two continents are colliding (Figure 6.25). Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring inorganic solids. Some examples of foliated rocks include. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture, and chemical composition of the rocks. To the unaided eye, metamorphic changes may not be apparent at all. Both are black in color , and is composed of carbon. A rock that is dominated by aligned crystals of amphibole. It is produced by contact metamorphism. In geology, key terms related to metamorphic rocks include foliated and nonfoliated. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have undergone a change from their original form due to changes in temperature, pressure or chemical alteration. The collisions result in the formation of long mountain ranges, like those along the western coast of North America. Thick arrows pointing down and up. That means it will take a long time to heat up, can be several hundreds of degrees cooler than the surrounding mantle. Foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. This is contact metamorphism. A very hard rock, quartzite is often used to make kitchen countertops and floor tiles. It affects a narrow region near the fault, and rocks nearby may appear unaffected. If you happen to be in the market for stone countertops and are concerned about getting a natural product, it is best to ask lots of questions. If stress from all directions is equal, place all thin arrows. The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. Determination of this information is not easily accomplished in this lab. lineation - a parallel arrangement of pebbles in a metaconglomerate foliation - a segregation of felsic and mafic minerals into alternating layers as in gneiss. The rock also has a strong slaty foliation, which is horizontal in this view, and has developed because the rock was being squeezed during metamorphism. Contact metamorphism happens when a body of magma intrudes into the upper part of the crust. This is a megascopic version of what may occur around porphyroblasts. Rocks that form from regional metamorphism are likely to be foliated because of the strong directional pressure of converging plates. Thermal metamorphism in the aureole of a granite is also unlikely to result in the growth of mica in a foliation, although the growth of new minerals may overprint existing foliation(s). As already noted, slate is formed from the low-grade metamorphism of shale, and has microscopic clay and mica crystals that have grown perpendicular to the stress. The slatey cleavage typical of slate is due to the preferred orientation of microscopic phyllosilicate crystals. The figure below shows a metaconglomerate. . If the original rock had bedding (represented by diagonal lines in Figure 10.7, right), foliation may obscure the bedding. Figure 6.10 Metaconglomerate with elongated of quartz pebbles. Regional metamorphism refers to large-scale metamorphism, such as what happens to continental crust along convergent tectonic margins (where plates collide). The protolith for slate is shale, and sometimes fossils that were present in the original rock can be seen in freshly sheared layers of slate. Names given to rocks that are sold as building materials, especially for countertops, may not reflect the actual rock type. Want to create or adapt books like this? The pebbles in this sample are not aligned and elongated as in the metaconglomerate in Figure 10.10. It can refer to green mica minerals, or metamorphic rocks that contain enough green mica to impart a green color. Weakly foliated: Any material: Hard, fine-grained rock: Metaconglomerate: Weakly foliated: Quartz-rich conglomerate: Strongly stretched pebbles: Amphibolite: Weakly foliated: Mafic volcanic rocks: Coarse-grained: Examples of metamorphic rock: Index Reference Lutgens and Tarbuck Ch 7 . In geotechnical engineering a foliation plane may form a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) In geology, cleavage refers to the tendency of a rock to break parallel to the alignment of the tiny mica minerals it is composed of. It turns into eclogite at about 35 km depth, and then eventually sinks deep into the mantle, never to be seen again. This means that slate breaks into thin layers, which have economic value as tiles and blackboards. The outcome of prolonged dynamic metamorphism under these conditions is a rock called mylonite, in which crystals have been stretched into thin ribbons (Figure 6.34, right). The rock in the upper left of Figure 6.9 is foliated, and the microscopic structure of the same type of foliated rock is shown in the photograph beneath it. Easy to carve, soapstone was traditionally used by Native Americans for making tools and implements. These rocks are all foliated because of the strong compressing force of the converging plates. Foliated metamorphic rocks have elongated crystals that are oriented in a preferred direction. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. What is surprising is that anyone has seen it! Most of the blueschist that forms in subduction zones continues to be subducted. It is intermediate in grade between slate and schist. Gold prospectors learned that gold could be found in areas where these green rocks were present. Marble and hornfels are metamorphic rock types that typically do not typically show observable foliation. The best way to learn about rocks is to have a collection of specimens to examine while you study. This effect is especially strong if the new minerals are platy like mica or elongated like amphibole. Dynamic metamorphism is the result of very high shear stress, such as occurs along fault zones. Think of foliated rocks as something that is foiled. It is dominated by quartz, and in many cases, the original quartz grains of the sandstone are welded together with additional silica. Typical examples of metamorphic rocks include porphyroblastic schists where large, oblate minerals form an alignment either due to growth or rotation in the groundmass. Figure 10.24 Metaconglomerate formed through burial metamorphism. . 2. Materials in metamorphic rock (e.g., minerals, crystals, clasts) may exhibit orientations that are relatively random or preferred (aligned). Often this foliation is associated with diagenetic metamorphism and low-grade burial metamorphism. It often contains significant amounts of mica which allow the rock to split into thin pieces. With wavy layering known as phyllitic foliation, these rocks often have a silky or satiny sheen, which is caused by the arrangement of very fine minerals that form as a result of the pressure applied during metamorphism. Slate exhibits slaty foliation, which is also called cleavage. It is foliated, crenulated, and fine-grained with a sparkly appearance. Seeing and handling the rocks will help you understand their composition and texture much better than reading about them on a website or in a book. Regional metamorphism also takes place in this setting, and because of the extra heat associated with the magmatic activity, the geothermal gradient is typically steeper in these settings (between ~40 and 50 C/km). [1] Foliation is common in rocks affected by the regional metamorphic compression typical of areas of mountain belt formation (orogenic belts). Heat is important in contact metamorphism, but pressure is not a key factor, so contact metamorphism produces non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble, and quartzite. Place the thick arrows in the direction of maximum stress and the thin arrows in the direction of minimum stress. Figure 7.7 shows an example of this effect. In the formation of schist, the temperature has been hot enough so that individual mica crystals are visible, and other mineral crystals, such as quartz, feldspar, or garnet may also be visible. - Examples: quartzite derived from the metamorphism of sandstone, and marble derived from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. The minerals that will melt will be those that melt at lower temperatures. . The tendency of slate to break into flat pieces is called slaty cleavage. These properties make it useful for a wide variety of architectural, practical, and artistic uses. As a rock heats up, the minerals that melt at the lowest temperatures will melt first. [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Migmatite_in_Geopark_on_Albertov.JPG] Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 17: Humans' Relationship to Earth Processes, Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition, Next: 6.5 Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Often, fine observation of foliations on outcrop, hand specimen and on the microscopic scale complements observations on a map or regional scale. In gneiss, the minerals may have separated into bands of different colours. [1] Each layer can be as thin as a sheet of paper, or over a meter in thickness. Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock with no specific composition. Geologic unit mapped in Maryland: Silvery-gray, well foliated, micaceous quartz-pebble metaconglomerate and quartzite; apparent maximum thickness 700 feet. After both heating and squeezing, new minerals have formed within the rock, generally parallel to each other, and the original bedding has been largely obliterated. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Observing foliation - "compositional banding", Assess foliation - foliated vs non-foliated, Compare non-foliated (massive) and foliated, (Contact Scott Brande) mailto:soskarb@gmail.com. The father of the rock cycle was (a) Darwin (b) Hutton (c) Suess. Protolith Basalt Conglomerate Dolostone Limestone Granite Sandstone Shale Metamorphic rock Amphibolite Gneiss Marble Metaconglomerate Quartzite Slate Basalt-Amphibolite Created by unique combinations of minerals and metamorphic conditions, these rocks are classified by their chemical compositions. There are many other types of specific nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, such as greenstone, eclogites and serpentines. An example of contact metamorphism, where magma changes the type of rock over time, Metamorphism of slate, but under greater heat and pressure thane slate, Often derived from metamorphism of claystone or shale; metamorphosed under more heat and pressure than phyllite, Metamorphism of various different rocks. The cement matrix of conglomerate is not as durable as the grains, and hence when broken, conglomerate breaks around the grains. Principles of Earth Science by Katharine Solada and K. Sean Daniels is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Examples of foliated rocks include: gneiss, phyllite, schist, and slate Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a layered or banded appearance. The figure below shows a metaconglomerate. The rock in Figure 10.10 had a quartz-rich conglomerate as a parent rock. Examples of nonfoliated rocks include: hornfels, marble, novaculite, quartzite, and skarn. A fourth type of foliated metamorphic rock is called slate. Metamorphic rocks that form under either low-pressure conditions or just confining pressure do not become foliated. This article related to petrology is a stub. The round objects in the photo are lapis lazuli beads about 9/16 inch (14 millimeters) in diameter. A rock with visible minerals of mica and with small crystals of andalusite. Another type of foliated metamorphic rock is called schist. Protoliths are transformed chemically and physically by high temperatures, high pressures, hot fluids or some combination of these conditions. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Next: 7.3 Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. It is often referred to as "hard coal"; however, this is a layman's term and has little to do with the hardness of the rock. Although bodies of magma can form in a variety of settings, one place magma is produced in abundance, and where contact metamorphism can take place, is along convergent boundaries with subduction zones, where volcanic arcs form (Figure 6.31). Foliations typically bend or curve into a shear, which provides the same information, if it is of a scale which can be observed. The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Chapter 8. This is probably because nonfoliated rocks were exposed to high temperature conditions, but not to high directional pressure conditions. Want to create or adapt OER like this? is another name for dynamothermal metamorphism. . It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. The outcome of metamorphism depends on pressure, temperature, and the abundance of fluid involved, and there are many settings with unique combinations of these factors. Breaks along planes of weakness within a rock that are caused by foliation are referred to as rock cleavage, or just cleavage. Minerals can deform when they are squeezed (Figure 10.6), becoming narrower in one direction and longer in another. Mineral collections and instructive books are also available. Foliation is usually formed by the preferred orientation of minerals within a rock. Partial melting occurs when the temperature on a rock is high enough to melt only some of the minerals in the rock. Two features of shock metamorphism are shocked quartz, and shatter cones. Further identification of non-foliated rocks is dependent on the composition of the minerals or components in the rock. Sedimentary rocks have been both thrust up to great heightsnearly 9 km above sea leveland also buried to great depths. Rockman's metamorphic rock specimens are hand broken as opposed to being crushed which helps keep cleavage and fracture characteristics intact. In the example shown in Figure 7.8d, the dark bands are largely amphibole while the light-coloured bands are feldspar and quartz. Soapstone is a metamorphic rock that consists primarily of talc with varying amounts of other minerals such as micas, chlorite, amphiboles, pyroxenes, and carbonates. Massive (non-foliated) structure. However, compositional banding can be the result of nucleation processes which cause chemical and mineralogical differentiation into bands. Quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone (Figure 7.11). b. Hutton. This is related to the axis of folds, which generally form an axial-planar foliation within their axial regions. Marble: A non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Over all, the photomicrograph shows that the rock is dominated by elongated crystals aligned in bands running from the upper left to the lower right. Differential stress has caused quartz pebbles within the rock to become elongated, and it has also caused wings to form around some of the pebbles (see the pebble in the dashed ellipse). Adding foil creates a layer, so foliated rocks are layered rocks. Photographs and brief descriptions of some common types of metamorphic rocks are shown on this page. This is distinct from cleavage in minerals because mineral cleavage happens between atoms within a mineral, but rock cleavage happens between minerals. In contrast, nonfoliated metamorphic rocks do not contain minerals that align during metamorphism and do not appear layered. foliated metamorphic describes the texture of metamorphic rock Related questions What are some example names of foliated and un-foliated rocks? Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J.; 1996, This page was last edited on 21 January 2023, at 09:47. Most people are surprised to learn that, so we added it to this photo collection as a surprise. Skarn is a rock characterized by its formation rather than its mineral composition. Gneissic banding is the easiest of the foliations to recognize. French, B.M. When describing a foliation it is useful to note. [2], The metaconglomerates of the Jack Hills of Western Australia are the source rocks for much of the detrital zircons that have been dated to be as old as 4.4 billion years.[3][4]. Samantha Fowler; Rebecca Roush; and James Wise, 1.2 Navigating Scientific Figures and Maps, 2.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars, 5.2 Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks, 5.4 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins, 6.4 Types of Metamorphism and Where They Occur, 6.5 Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals, 6.6 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Processes and Metasomatism, 7.1 Alfred Wegener's Arguments for Plate Tectonics, 7.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century, 7.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 7.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes, 8.2 Materials Produced by Volcanic Eruptions, 8.7 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions, 9.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Impacts, 10a. When extraterrestrial objects hit Earth, the result is a shock wave. The metaconglomerate formed through burial metamorphism does not display any of the foliation that has developed in the metaconglomerate in Figure 6.10. Polymict metaconglomeraat, . Essentials of Geology, 3rd Ed, Stephen Marshak. Foliated textures show a distinct planar character. Quartzite: Formed by the metamorphism of pure quartz sandstone. Platy minerals tend to dominate. Some types of metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite and marble, which also form in directed-pressure situations, do not necessarily exhibit foliation because their minerals (quartz and calcite respectively) do not tend to show alignment (see Figure 7.12). Foliation may be formed by realignment of micas and clays via physical rotation of the minerals within the rock. Even though the quartz crystals themselves are not aligned, the mass of quartz crystals forms a lens that does follow the general trend of alignment within the rock. Granofels is a broad term for medium- to coarse-grained metamorphic rocks that do not exhibit any specific foliation. is another name for thermal metamorphism. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. It is a rock of intermediate metamorphic grade between phyllite and gneiss. c. hydrothermal. Non-foliated textures have minerals that are not aligned. This means that the minerals in the rock are all aligned with each other. This planar character can be flat like a piece of slate or folded. At higher pressures and temperatures, grains and crystals in the rock may deform without breaking into pieces (Figure 6.34, left). Usually, this is the result of some physical force and its effect on the growth of minerals. Usually, this is the result of some physical force and its effect on the growth of minerals. Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. The effects of recrystallization in Figure 10.9 would not be visible with the unaided eye, but when larger crystals or large clasts are involved, the effects can be visible as shadows or wings around crystals and clasts. The lines are small amounts of glassy material within the quartz, formed from almost instantaneous melting and resolidification when the crystal was hit by a shock wave. Related questions What are some example names of foliated and un-foliated rocks? The growth of platy minerals, typically of the mica group, is usually a result of prograde metamorphic reactions during deformation. Foliated metamorphic rocks have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure. Soapstones are another type of nonfoliated metamorphic rock. The force of the collision causes rocks to be folded, broken, and stacked on each other, so not only is there the squeezing force from the collision, but from the weight of stacked rocks. Specific patterns of foliation depend on the types of minerals found in the original rock, the size of the mineral grains and the way pressure is applied to the rock during metamorphosis. As we're confining our observation to samples without visual aids, we may be subject to some error of identification. Rich in talc, soapstones feel greasy, like soap. Well foliated to nearly massive quartz monzonite gneiss, generally medium-grained and even textured but locally porphyritic and pegmatitic. Shatter cones are cone-shaped fractures within the rocks, also the result of a shock wave (Figure 6.32 right). If the hornfels formed in a situation without directed pressure, then these minerals would be randomly orientated, not foliated as they would be if formed with directed pressure. a. T. Metamorphism at ocean ridges is mainly (a) contact (b) dynamic (c) hydrothermal (d) regional. This planar character can be flat like a piece of slate or folded. A mineral may be a single element such . The surface of phyllite is typically lustrous and sometimes wrinkled. Not only is the mineral composition differentit is quartz, not micabut the crystals are not aligned. The protolith for quartzite is quartz, and because quartz is stable under high pressure and high temperatures, metamorphism of this rock simply causes the reorganization of its crystals. Metamorphic rocks have been modified by heat, pressure, and chemical processes, usually while buried deep below Earth's surface. The mineral alignment in the metamorphic rock called slate is what causes it to break into flat pieces (Figure 10.12, left), and is why slate has been used as a roofing material (Figure 10.12, right). What are some of the differences between foliated rocks and nonfoliated rocks? The general term for the property of alignment in metamorphic rock is foliation, of which there are a number of types. 1. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. A special type of metamorphism takes place under these very high-pressure but relatively low-temperature conditions, producing an amphibole mineral known as glaucophane (Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2). University of Notre Dame: Prograde Metamorphism. As metamorphic processes go, burial metamorphism takes place at relatively low temperatures (up to ~300 C) and pressures (100s of m depth). The Himalaya range is an example of where regional metamorphism is happening because two continents are colliding (Figure 6.25). NONFOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS As opposed to the foliated metamorphic rocks, the nonfoliated rocks are not distinctly layered. The metaconglomerate formed through burial metamorphism does not display any of the foliation that has developed in the metaconglomerate in Figure 10.10. Any rock type (sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic) can be subjected any one or any combination of the referenced agents. The mineral crystals dont have to be large to produce foliation. Conglomerate is easily identifiable by the pebbles or larger clasts in a matrix of sand, silt, or clay. Geological Structures and Mountain Building, Physical Geology, First University of Saskatchewan Edition, Next: 10.3 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Rocks that form from regional metamorphism are likely to be foliated because of the strong directional pressure of converging plates. A fine-grained rock that splits into wavy sheets. This will allow the heat to extend farther into the country rock, creating a larger aureole. Soapstone is a relatively soft metamorphic rock and absorbs and holds heat well, so it is often used around fireplaces and woodstoves. What are the two textures of metamorphic rocks. The grains form a mosaic texture. Foliation in areas of shearing, and within the plane of thrust faults, can provide information on the transport direction or sense of movement on the thrust or shear. Some rocks, such as granite, do not change much at the lower metamorphic grades because their minerals are still stable up to several hundred degrees. It has a bright, lustrous appearance and breaks with a semi-conchoidal fracture. Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. Usually, this represents the protolith chemistry, which forms distinct mineral assemblages. Introduction to Hydrology and Groundwater, 12a. Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. List of Geologically Important Elements and the Periodic Table. Foliated metamorphic rocks exhibit layers or stripes caused by the elongation and alignment of minerals in the rock as it undergoes metamorphism. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a layered or banded appearance. This happens because the stress can cause some parts of the quartz crystals to dissolve, and the resulting ions flow away at right angles to the greatest stress before forming crystals again. Foliated textures show four types of foliation. Mlange matrix is foliated at the microscopic scale, where the fabric is defined both by the alignment of sheet silicates (e.g., chlorite, phengite, talc, biotite) and chain silicates (mostly amphiboles). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Lapis Lazuli, the famous blue gem material, is actually a metamorphic rock. Metaconglomerate is composed of pebbles and gravel that have been flattened due to directed pressure. For example a schist derived from basalt is typically rich in the mineral chlorite, so we call it chlorite schist. The zone in the photomicrograph outlined with the red dashed line is different from the rest of the rock. A very hard rock with a granular appearance and a glassy lustre. Question 14. The Geology.com store offers inexpensive rock collections that can be mailed anywhere in the United States or U.S. The general term for the property of alignment in metamorphic rock is foliation, of which there are a number of types. Generally, the acute intersection angle shows the direction of transport. Igneous rocks can become foliated by alignment of cumulate crystals during convection in large magma chambers, especially ultramafic intrusions, and typically plagioclase laths. It forms from sediments deposited in marine environments where organisms such as diatoms (single-celled algae that secrete a hard shell composed of silicon dioxide) are abundant in the water. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms, 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions, 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion, 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins, 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes, 9.1 Understanding Earth through Seismology, 10.1 Alfred Wegener the Father of Plate Tectonics, 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century, 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 10.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes, 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties, 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability, 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting, 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars, Appendix 1 List of Geologically Important elements and the Periodic Table, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks. A second type of nonfoliated metamorphic rock, quartzite, is composed mostly of silicon dioxide. Any type of magma body can lead to contact metamorphism, from a thin dyke to a large stock. The deeper rocks are within the stack, the higher the pressures and temperatures, and the higher the grade of metamorphism that occurs. The high pressures are to be expected, given the force of collision between tectonic plates, and the increasing lithostatic pressure as the subducting slab is forced deeper and deeper into the mantle. The large boulder in Figure 10.8 in has strong foliation, oriented nearly horizontally in this view, but it also has bedding still visible as dark and light bands sloping steeply down to the right. . Non-foiliated - those having homogeneous or massive texture like marble. A gentle impact can hit with 40 GPa and raise temperatures up to 500 C. Introduction to Geology of the Oceans, 17a Introduction to Human Relationships with Earth Processes. Essentially, the minerals are randomly oriented. Bucher, K., & Grapes, R. (2011) Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, 8th Edition.
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