extraordinary humans muscles transcript extraordinary humans muscles transcript

Extraordinary Humans: Muscles | DocumentaryTube extraordinary humans muscles transcript. NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. Neck flexion refers to the motion used to touch the chin to the chest. Discover the location and role of skeletal muscles in the human body. June 2, 2022 0 comments. In the pathway-based analysis (i) we tested both the overrepresentation of pathway enzymes with a corresponding expression profile, as well as pathway enzymes with a corresponding expression profile directly linked to the pathway metabolites with species-specific concentration profile or belonging to a tissue-specific cluster. extraordinary humans muscles transcript. The second person is Ami Ankileweitz. 14-year old Hunter Steinitz suffers from Harlequin Ichthyosis, a rare condition that causes her skin to grow layer upon layer without flaking off, progressively encasing her in a tight suit of thick Analyzed the data: KB YW JX DS. In muscle, functional units partially overlapped and reflected human-specific changes in: (i) carbohydrate metabolism (propanoate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycolysis/glucogenesis); (ii) energy production (oxidative phosphorylation); and (iii) amino acid metabolism (histidine, -alanine metabolism) (Figure 4a, Table S15, Figure S11). Subsequently, 500 l of the upper, organic phase, plus 650 l of the polar phase (150 l for GC-MS and 500 l for LC-MS) were collected to three 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Physical exercise is deemed the most efficient way of counteracting the age-related decline of skeletal muscle. We thank the personnel of the Suzhou Animal Research Center and particularly Changgen Lian, Su Jin, and Bijia Jiang for help with macaque strength experiments; the personnel of the Shanghai Weiyu junior middle school and particularly Dongping Wang for help with human teenager strength experiments; Guo Song for help in climber recruitment; Jing Jin, He Zhisong, Hindrike Bammann, Hu Haiyang, Li Qian, Yunxian Huang, and Yoann Portugal for technical help in the muscle strength experiments; Mikhail Gelfand, Michael Lachmann, and Mehmet Somel for helpful discussions; and Jerome Boyd-Kirkup for help in manuscript preparation. Summary of DMD (BMD, DXS142, DXS164, DXS206, DXS230, DXS239, DXS268, DXS269, DXS270, DXS272, MRX85) expression in human tissue. Similarly, significant agreement between metabolite concentration and enzyme expression profiles was seen on the macaque evolutionary lineage for tissues containing large numbers of macaque-specific metabolic changes: V1, kidney, cerebral cortex, whole brain, and skeletal muscle. The colors within the bars show proportions of metabolite peaks with concentration changes specific to the corresponding lineages. extraordinary meaning: 1. very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange: 2. a special meeting that happens between. This amazing video follows the lives of two extraordinary humans who suffer from rare muscular diseases and it describes the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system and what happens when this system doesn't work like it should. extraordinary humans muscles transcript - thepetrunway.com (d) Percentages of peaks with a significant proportion of variation (ANOVA, permutation p<0.01) explained by tissue, species, speciestissue interaction term (spts), sex, age, and sample RNA preservation. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Total food intake in seniors is affected by meal size, number of meals/day and _______________.___________% of seniors do not eat breakfast. Muscles: National Geographic investigates the science of muscle by taking a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling muscular disorders. Studies demonstrating a connection between aerobic exercise and cognitive performance in humans of different age indicate that these two organs might be metabolically related [21]. This can involve functional changes due to brain damage or structural changes due to learning. Only pathways supported by human-specific expression of enzymes are shown. Numbers and borderlines of different shades of gray indicate metabolite groups showing correlated concentration profiles across multiple pathways. Each tissue sample was of approximately 100 mg of weight and was extracted from the frozen postmortem tissue on dry ice without de-freezing. These samples were analyzed separately, as well as combined with the main sample group in the metabolite concentration analysis. The remarkable excess of human-specific metabolic divergence in the skeletal muscle, PFC, and in the brain as a whole, but not in V1 or the kidney, could be clearly visualized when grouping all species-specific metabolic changes found on the human, chimpanzee, and macaque evolutionary lineages (Figure 3c, Table S7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s013. Both of the people in the documentary live with genetic conditions caused by their muscles. Notably, this observation contrasts with evolutionary divergence at the transcriptome level where overall transcriptome divergence largely follows genetic distances in all tissues (Figure S14). Based on shared metabolites, these pathways could be further grouped into functional units. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Extraordinary Humans: Muscles - YouTube The size of the symbols is proportional to the individual's age normalized by the maximal life expectancy of the species: humans: 120 years, chimpanzees: 60 years, macaques: 40 years. The Watson has come a long way since the win in Jeopardy in 2011. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis also assist in neck side bending. The erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) are large, deep muscles that extend the length of the back. episodes: 01. Thus, differences in fiber-type composition between humans and nonhuman primates are not likely to explain the extensive metabolic divergence, as well as difference in strength, observed in our study. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.g004. These video questions are designed to accompany the National Geographic video "Extraordinary Humans: Mucles." You can customize a TED-Ed Animation, or visit our video . (c) Pulling strength of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques normalized by individual body weight. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s034. Transcript. First, we learned about how muscles work. Yes All mouse individuals were from the C57/BL6 strain with no genetic modifications. Required fields are marked *. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, as well as the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray). The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. The diet of condition 1 monkeys was kept unchanged and was the same as the diet of monkeys from the control group. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s031. To address this, we performed metabolome measurements in 12 additional macaque monkeys (male, 214 years old) that were subjected to conditions designed to reproduce some aspects of the modern human lifestyle. 14-year old Hunter Steinitz suffers from Harlequin Ichthyosis, a rare condition . 31-year old Jason Dunn. Similarly, emergence of endurance running in hominid ancestry [6] may have added another constraint to human metabolic evolution. This filtering procedure resulted in 4,458 [+]LC-MS peaks and 2,956 []LC-MS peaks satisfying all the criteria, which corresponds to 6% of the initially registered peaks. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s024. Column outliers shows datasets where measurements in a given sample have failed as revealed by the PCA. This indicates that during the last 67 million years of human evolution, human muscle metabolome underwent greater change than the mouse metabolome did over the approximately 130 million years separating mice from the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques. The LC-MS datasets were filtered according to the following criteria: Before applying the last filtering criterion, outlier samples were removed from the datasets. Peak concentration profiles normalized by their Euclidian norm are shown with gray lines. peaks present at the level of 10,000 AU in 50% of samples of any particular species and tissue. Copy of Extraordinary Humans_ Muscles.docx - Extraordinary 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Incredible Human Machine Video Worksheet Directions: Answer the following questions as you watch the movie. Two rare skin disorders are examined, including harlequin ichthyosis (HI), a condition characterized by hard, scale-like skin that reproduces at an accelerated rate; and epidermolysis bullosa (EB), which causes the skin to be very fragile. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s035. The back contains the origins of many of the muscles that are involved in the movement of the neck and shoulders. Functional modules comprised of metabolites and pathways showing human-specific changes in kidney. _____600,000_____ How much particles of skin do we shed each hour? Plotted metabolites, pathways, and metabolite groups are listed in Tables S14, S15 and further illustrated in Figures S10, S11. Extraordinary People is a television documentary series broadcast on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom. This result was also observed for the three mass spectrometry datasets analyzed separately, was robust at various statistical significance cutoffs, could be validated by metabolite measurements overlapping between LC- and GC-MS techniques, was valid for both annotated and unannotated metabolite peaks, and was not affected by exclusion of metabolites with low concentration levels (Tables S8, S9, S10, Figures S8, S9). Mouse samples were obtained from the mouse facility at Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences. He once drew a 19-feet long drawing of New York City after a single 20-minute helicopter ride. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; []LC-MS, Proportions of gene expression change on the primate evolutionary lineages based on 17,913 transcripts present in all three species. The inability to control nonhuman primates' motivation hinders the exact quantification of the muscular strength difference between humans and nonhuman primates, even in a highly controlled experimental setup. In order to register the maximal pulling force, the electronic scale was continuously filmed by a camera placed on the moving shelf. Is the Subject Area "Macaque" applicable to this article? How can the various forms of dystonia occur? Macaques from condition 1 and condition 2 groups were transferred from the standard living conditions (control condition) into individual standard-size cages located in a temperature-controlled room (242C) with lights on 12 hours each day (7001900). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s012. Which type of muscle(s) does Dystonia affect? The variation found in the chimpanzee individuals was compared with variation previously measured in humans using the same methodology [19]. Skin SIMILAR TITLES: To inspect metabolic divergence among species, we sorted 9,356 metabolite peaks that showed significant concentration differences among the four species (ANOVA, species or tissuespecies terms, permutation p<0.01, FDR<2%) into species-specific categories within each of the five tissues, as well as within composite tissue categories: cerebral cortex (PFC+V1) and brain (PFC+V1+CBC). Extraordinary velocity vector is a function. Extraordinary Humans: Muscles | Kterrl's Favorites Nevertheless, the 2 months' exposure of macaques to human-like environmental conditions did recapitulate some human-specific metabolic changes, indicating the relevance of our environmental tests. Extraordinary Humans - VideoNeat As a cutoff for a minimal level of expression of the analyzed genes, we selected the 5% quintile of all gene nonzero expression levels in all samples. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.g002. Small molecules present in the tissue samples were assayed using the following methodologies: (i) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), (ii) positive mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ([+]LC-MS), and (iii) negative mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ([]LC-MS). (c) Heat map of relative metabolite concentration levels across three primate species. Human samples were obtained from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland, the Netherlands Brain Bank, China's Wuhan Xiehe Hospital, and the Chinese Brain Bank Center. Changes in metabolite concentrations closely reflect changes in the physiological states of tissues and cells. The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: PK PG JC OH. The plot is organized as in Figure S10, the metabolite groups are listed in Table S15. extraordinary humans muscles transcript Then, 0.5 ml of lysate was transferred to an Eppendorf tube containing 500 l chloroform and 200 l water. To limit the potential technical artifacts, we employed a multistep peak filtering procedure to all MS datasets. Genomic and gene expression surveys have demonstrated how comparative studies of humans and closely related primate species can lead to identification of evolutionarily, physiologically, and medically relevant features characteristic of humans [1],[2], including changes related to metabolism [3]. In the comparison of mouse to other species, we restricted the set of genes' exons to those that could be mapped among all four species. Colors show higher (red) and lower (blue) species-specific concentration levels. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s006. Afterwards excess moisture was thoroughly removed from the samples with absorbent paper towels before the samples were mounted in an embedding medium (Tissue-Tek OCT Compound, Sakura Finetek) and frozen in isopentane precooled with liquid nitrogen. Human muscle system | Functions, Diagram, & Facts | Britannica Only 3 left in stock - order soon. According to the legend, the conflict broke out in 1325 after a group of Modenese soldiers dashed into the rival town of Bologna. Rare Anatomy: Bones & Blood (DVD) . Human individuals included 29 adults 1734 years of age with a wide span of body mass between 42 and 127 kg (mean 64 kg15 kg SD). Organization of the Table is analogous to Table S14. The Table lists: pathways names and IDs, pathway p-Values, numbers of pathway metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression profiles, numbers of pairs of directly linked enzymes and metabolites with human-specific expression and concentration level profiles, as well as p-Values indicating probabilities to find equal or greater numbers of enzymes or linked enzymes in metabolites sets randomly sampled 100 times. $12.49 $ 12. Which statement is true regarding neurons? They're pretty common, and usually negligible. Numbers of KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with species-specific concentration profiles in different tissues. Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD + Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is modulated by conditions of metabolic stress and has been reported to decline with aging in preclinical models, but human data are sparse. As a result, his muscles flex out of his control, and his body twists into unusual positions. RT outside of the range of 0.75 min of the RTs of any of the used internal standards (IS) RTs or, if the peak shares the same mass with any of the IS, outside of the range of 1.5 of the RT of this IS. Thanks for watching, please subscribe for more videos.NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. The average concentration profile of all peaks within a cluster is traced with colored lines. Missing sessions are marked in gray, the best result of each individual is marked in green. Human-specific metabolic changes in the PFC included two such units: (i) translational metabolism (valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, selenocompound metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis); and (ii) neurotransmitter signaling (dopaminergic synapse, cocaine and amphetamine addiction) (Figure 4a, Table S14, Figure S10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s026. ANOVA was performed on all samples and on the samples of primates only (primate test). The error bars show 0.05 and 0.95 quintiles of the significant peak number distributions calculated by randomly sampling six human or six chimpanzee individuals 1,000 times. We used the resulting annotation to assign the metabolites to specific KEGG [34] pathways and inspected metabolic pathways overrepresented in the two types of metabolite groups found in our analysis: clusters of all peaks and peaks showing species-specific concentration levels in different tissues. Numbers of peaks showing significant concentration differences between control macaques and humans or chimpanzees were estimated using randomly chosen six human or six chimpanzee individuals, the same numbers as for C1 and C2 macaque monkeys. Ms. GWEN . CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Affiliation For us humans, the things that make one different from someone else can be as simple as hair color, eye color, or height. Among them, 1,535 could be annotated using metabolite standards or computationally matching the metabolite features to metabolite database entries. This talk was presented to a local . Sponsored By. So showcasing arts and culture and the talent. Muscle strength measurements in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Extraordinary diversity of transcription among Skeletal Muscle Tissues (SMTs) SMTs comprise the largest tissues (by weight) in the pig body (30-70% of porcine carcass weight 36) (Supplementary Fig.. Any discussion about muscle and muscle performance would not be adequate if we didn't mention something about nutrition, but rather than have a whole discussion about nutrition, cause there's lots of information about that online, for instance, if you want to gain muscle that you need to have a calorie surplus of about 10 to 15%. In humans, muscle tissue is known to have variable fiber-type composition, reflecting differences in individuals' physiology and physical activity [19]. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray), and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques with mice (blue). In addition to the initial set of five tissues that the samples were collected from, we defined two composite neural tissues obtained by in silico grouping of specific brain regions: cortex tissue was defined as a combination of two cortical regions: PFC and V1; brain tissue was defined as a combination of all three brain regions. Below are 10 people from around the world with superhuman abilities that will blow your mind. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s028. After 3-end adenylation of these products, Illumina Single-End Sequencing adapters were ligated to the blunt ends of the cDNA fragments. Ami Ankileweitz has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a genetic disorder that has caused his muscles to wither away', 'Skin: National Geographic explores the science of skin by taking us inside the bodies of two extraordinary humans living with puzzling genetic conditions. The Table lists total numbers of sequenced reads and proportions of reads mapped to the genome, for each sample. In this dataset we detected expression of 17,913 protein-coding genes that could be mapped among primate species (16,398 between primates and mouse), with 3,820 (3,720) of them linked to metabolites based on the Human Metabolome Database Version 3.0 (HMDB) annotation (Figure S6). Among genes detected in the transcriptome data, we extracted those reported by the KEGG database as enzymes linked, based on reaction information, to the metabolites measured in our metabolite datasets. cerebellar cortex; CE-MS, Neuroplasticity: How Experience Changes the Brain - Verywell Mind KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing concentration level changes due to environmental treatment in macaques (condition 1 and/or condition 2). The remaining 0.5 ml tissue lysate was incubated at room temperature for 30 min after adding 4 ml of chloroform, 1.4 ml methanol, and 0.1 ml 30 M sphingomyelin (Avanti) in a 10 ml glass tube. peaks distinct from the background, which we define as a measurable peak width at the level of 10% of its apex. extraordinary humans muscles transcripttim kang neck surgery. Bowtie2 reports up to two possible alignments for each read. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s032. Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For most of us, muscles are under our control. For some people, their muscles are their biggest challenge. For the annotation of the GC-MS dataset, all of the GC-MS dataset chromatograms were processed and aligned as described previously [30],[31] using several reference compound libraries of commercially available authentic standards measured on the employed GC-MS system [31][33]. These characteristics may be involved in causing muscle weakness. our muscles work? Numbers of peaks showing species-specific concentration changes in each dataset. In each species, we examined metabolite concentrations in three brain regions, prefrontal cortex (PFC), primary visual cortex (V1), and cerebellar cortex (CBC), as well as in the kidney cortex and thigh skeletal muscle of 14 adult healthy individuals (Table S1).